Health & Social Care Essay

Physical abuse – is classed as the hitting, shaking, choking, biting or other physical attack on an individual. It can lead to bruising, cuts, scratches burns, fractures and internal injuries. As well as these more immediate injuries, there can also be longer term ones. Someone who is being physically abused may show signs of it, but they may not be noticed by others if the victim is hiding the abuse. Signs and symptoms of physical abuse are cuts, brusies, burns grip marks, unusual pattern or location of injury, depression, fearfulness, withdrawn and anxiety. Sexual abuse – Sexual abuse involves any sexual behaviour directed toward an adult without that adult’s knowledge and consent. Sexual abuse can happen to people of all ages, including the elderly. Sexual abuse is a way that a person tries to have control over someone and has nothing to do with consenting sex between adults. Sexual abuse is another form of physical and emotional control of one person over another person, and it has nothing to do with consensual sex between adults. Read more: Explain the roles of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse  essay Signs and symptoms of sexual abuse are pain, itching or bruises around breasts or genital area, torn stained or bloody underclothing, sexually transmitted diseases, vaginal/anal bleeding, depression, withdrawal from regular activities, fear and anxiety. Emotional/psychological abuse – Emotional abuse can be as painful and damaging as physical abuse because it diminishes an adult’s sense of identity, dignity and self-worth. Emotional abuse is when a person is verbally assaulted, insulted, yelled at, threatened or humiliated by someone close to them or by a caregiver. The abuser often confines a person or isolates them by preventing them from having visits from family and friends or by denying them the chance to attend doctor or other personal care appointments. Signs and symptoms of emotional/psychological abuse are depression, fear, anxiety and behaviour changes when a carer enters or leaves a room. Financial abuse – financial abuse involves the improper, illegal or unauthorized use of an adult’s resources for the benefit of another. Signs and symptoms of financial abuse are unpaid bills, no money for food, clothing, or medication, unexplained withdrawal of money from someone’s bank account, family member or representative refuses to spend money on the adult’s behalf, possessions disappear, family member or another person forces an adult to sign over Power of Attorney against their own will. Institutional abuse – Institutional abuse refers to mistreatment of someone living in a facility for older persons. This includes nursing homes, foster homes, group homes, or board and care facilities. For example the abuse refers to the ‘home’ and staff having set meal times, set places a resident can eat their meals, a certain time everyone must get up Rigid, routines, Inadequate staffing, Insufficient knowledge base within service etc. Signs and symptoms of institutional abuse could be Inability to make choices or decisions, agitation if routine broken, disorientation, patterns of challenging behaviour. Self neglect – Adults are neglected when a caregiver does not provide the essential daily living needs of an adult dependent upon them, for things such as food, clothing, shelter, bathing, medication, health care, and doctor visits. Self-neglect happens when an adult can no longer take care of their own basic daily living needs. Signs and symptoms of neglect and self-neglect are malnourishment, dehydration, confusion, inappropriate clothing, under or over medication, skin sores, poor hygiene, absence of required aids, canes and walkers. Aiii / Aiv) If someone makes an allegation of abuse to you, the first and most important response is that you must believe what you are told. You must reassure the person that you believe what you have been told also reassure them that it is not their fault and that they are in no way to blame. Once youve reassured the person that you believe them, you should report the allegation immediately to a senior member of staff. Make sure you then make an accurate record of as much detailed information. Av) If the abuse is physical, no attempt should be made to clean anything such as clothes or residence. The client should be dissuaded to wash. Other people should be kept out of the way. With financial abuse, evidence could be paperwork such as bank statements so these should not be thrown away. You should only remove anything that could be evidence if you suspect the abuser might dispose of it before the authorities can see it. Avi) The national polices that relate to safeguarding and protection from abuse are the safeguarding board, the social services. The child protection agencies like the NSPCC Childline. The H.uman rights act 1998 and the Equalityact of 2000. Avii / Aviii) Different agencies and professionals play critical roles when involved in safe guarding individuals for example, Medical professionals such as GP, A&E staff, nurses, doctors – they can examine, diagnose & treat, they can record. The local authority Social Services would carry out an assessment of needs. Safeguarding Team, within Social Services dept – investigates and ensures safety, work with other agencies such as police. A Safeguarding & Protection Officer would lead the Adult Protection Alert. Police to investigate/prosecute, to work with other agencies, to provide support to victims, to raise awareness of crimes, crime prevention. Care Quality Commission to regulate & inspect care providers. Independent Safeguarding Authority. Aix) When seeking advice, support and information to help care workers understand their role in safeguarding good sources would be social workers, advocaces, further training, management, relevant laws and policies, CQC guidelines, care plans including risk assessments.

Mass Communication History Essay

Mass communication is the study of how we get information to the greatest number of people as quickly and effectively as possible. This broad-based area of study has evolved from print and broadcast journalism to today’s Internet-connected social media community. As opportunities to communicate to larger audiences grew, universities started offering programs to help students learn how to best communicate with the masses. Basic to the study of mass communications is examining the important and memorable events that emerged along the way Communication to an Immediate Audience People and societies have been communicating with each other since the time of cave drawings and drums. Ancient cultures, such as the Chinese and Romans, communicated through plays and art works. The beginnings of print media were seen in China where movable clay type was invented in 1041. Monks and holy men copied the Bible by hand, but mass media really took off around 1439 whenJohannes Gutenberg‘s invention of movable type allowed the mass production and distribution of books. Although newspapers began in the early 1600s, many American colonists still relied on the town crier as their sole source of information. Communication Spreads to the Masses Digital History focuses on the period from 1880 -1920 as leading the rise of mass communication, with the introduction of the mass market newspapers featuring comic strips, fashion pages, sports news, and women’s pages. National mass circulation magazines, such as Ladies’ Home Journal, also began to appear at that time. Frank Doubleday started organizing book tours to make and promote bestsellers. Thomas Edison introduced us to the wonders of music with his phonograph. Advertising became popular in the late 1800s when the National Biscuit Company, which later became Nabisco, spent the unheard-of sum of one million dollars on a national advertising campaign. Others (like Campbell Soups, Heinz, and Quaker Oats) quickly followed suit in communicating their products’ benefits to the buying public. At the same time, schools of higher learning were beginning to realize that they needed to instruct students on these communication techniques. Although known more for its business degrees, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania offered the first communications courses in 1893. The University opened an official school of communications 60 years later. However, Otterbein College in Westerville, Ohio is distinctly known for having the first communications program. Their program, which was founded in 1906, began awarding degrees in 1909. A Rapid Rise Communication programs at schools first focused on writing, publishing, and newspaper journalism. As photography, radio, and movies became part of the mainstream media, universities had to work hard to bring their programs up to date. In 1903, the movie The Great Train Robbery began to show the ability of the motion picture to tell a story. Marconi introduced wireless communications in 1895, which lead to commercial radio broadcasting in 1920 and television broadcasts in 1939. By 1922, movies had become so popular that they sold up to 40 million tickets a week. Walt Disney himself said, â€Å"Of all of our inventions for mass communication, pictures still speak the most universally understood language.† The first doctoral degree in mass communication was conveyed by the University of Iowa’s School of Journalism and Mass Communication in 1948. After World War II, class offerings in mass communication started growing dramatically as students looked for information on comm unicating through media such as magazines, radio, and television. A Bold New World of Mass Communication In the digital age, the possibilities for mass communication are growing even larger. Since the first commercial communication satellite was launched in 1960, communication possibilities have expanded to include Internet, social media, blogs, RSS feeds, podcasts, online video, and mobile media. In the 1990s, schools started offering courses in online communications. In 2007, Syracuse University’s S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communication introduced a digital newsroom to train the news reporters of the future. A degree in mass communication can take you in many directions—business, advertising, acting, journalism, public relations, government, and international relations—and into the future. But you have to take the first step and start by getting solid fundamentals offered in advanced degree programs. Examples of Major Corporations Deploying Mass Media Strategies Mass Media Strategies Make a Marketing Difference The study of mass communication can lead you in many exciting career  directions—politics, corporate marketing, charitable work, and more. Many organizations effectively utilize mass media strategies to get their message out to their target audiences. Savvy politicians are using social mass media strategies to reach today’s highly-connected generation of voters. Some mass media strategists are now using their knowledge and abilities to fight for change and equality in the world. The following examples highlight where a degree in mass communication could take you. Ford Fuses Mass Media Strategies to Sell the Fusion When Ford Motor Company introduced its new Ford Fusion in 2005, the manufacturer wanted to move from its traditional Taurus-driving family appeal to attracting younger, hipper drivers. The â€Å"Life in Drive† mass media strategy fused traditional television advertising with an online â€Å"Photo Fusion† interactive component to build awareness. The campaign helped Ford sell more than 23,000 Fusions in just three months and motivated the company to increase production quantities to meet demand. Olympus Uses Mass Media Strategies to Climb to the Top Olympus Imaging used an innovative â€Å"augmented reality† campaign to motivate prospective customers to try out a simulated version of their new portable digital camera. They relied on a mass media strategy to drive consumers to a website for an interactive tutorial and simulated product â€Å"test drive.† Olympus quickly managed to get a version of their product into the hands of over 50,000 potential buyers without ever asking them to walk into a store. In addition, a contest which motivated enthusiastic visitors to share their experience through social networks spread the news even further. Green Mass Media Strategies Help Book Authors See Green Results Similar to the results that can be seen in product marketing, a mass media strategy can also be effective in book marketing. When Shel Horowitz, a green marketing consultant, and his co-author, Jay Conrad, wanted to promote their book, Guerrilla Marketing Goes Green, they combined traditional media, social marketing , and green guerilla marketing elements to achieve success. The book was published in January 2010; three months later it was number one on Amazon’s environmental list. Using Social Mass Media Strategies to Become President Perhaps the best example of using today’s social mass media outlets to raise money, generate awareness, and build momentum is the Barack Obama Campaign for president in 2008. Through his campaign’s unprecedented use of social mass media, over 30 million dollars was raised by thousands of individuals and groups that were motivated to work on his behalf. Voters can count on seeing more of this effective use of mass media strategies in the 2012 presidential election campaign as traditional media costs soar and it becomes more difficult than ever before to reach a targeted voting audience. Using Mass Media Strategies to Effect Positive Change in the World Mass media strategies can also play a part in developing global strategic communications. The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women has effectively used a combination of community mobilization, outreach, and mass media to provide education, reduce violence, and develop initiatives to promote gender equality in developing countries around the world. In the United States, the Family Violence Prevention Fund used a mass media public service announcements strategy to promote the availability of a â€Å"Coaching Boys into Men† program that provided sports coaches with a â€Å"playbook† on how to talk to their teams about domestic violence. As more mass media opportunities are becoming available to promote products, services, and ideas, more mass media marketers will be needed to help develop and direct these campaigns. You can start building your knowledge and insight into the world of mass media with an online degree in mass communication. This program can give you an understanding of the various mass media strategies that are av ailable today and provide you with knowledge to help you make informed decisions in a world where mass integrated communication can make a massive difference.

Onnect Events in Fitzgerald's life with situations and events in The Research Paper

Onnect Events in Fitzgerald's life with situations and events in The Great Gatsby - Research Paper Example His life is also a clear portrait of the emotional upheavals and stress a person suffers in order to maintain the heights achieved so early in life. Born of an American father Mr. Edward Fitzgerald and an Irish mother Ms Mollie Fitzgerald in 1896, he led a comfortable childhood. Although his father lost his job when Fitzgerald was twelve years old but the inheritance of his mother was enough to maintain the family’s status and comforts. He was sent to the Newman School in New Jersey in 1911. Father Sigourney Fay in this school recognized his literary talents and encouraged him to work for distinctive achievements in life. The guidance provided by Father Fay proved to be the foundation of his scholarly accomplishments later in life. For receiving college education he was sent to the prestigious Princeton University. He was fascinated by the aristocracy and the royal charm of this place. Here, he took great pride in his literary pursuits but he was not attentive and serious towa rds his academic studies. He contributed regularly to the Princeton Tiger humor magazine and also composed lyrics for the Princeton Triangle Club. Fitzgerald joined the army in 1917 as he was convinced that he will not be able to graduate. He continued to nurture his intellectual interests. He wrote his first novel ‘The Romantic Egotist’ this year only. The novel was rejected by the Charles Scribner’s Sons but interestingly they praised the novel’s originality. The writer in him got the impetus to work harder on it. Meanwhile he was commissioned at Camp Sheridan which was located near Alabama. He was a young lad at this juncture of life who fell in love for Zelda Sayre who was a celebrated belle. He was discharged by the Army in 1919 and went to New York to try his luck in advertisement business as his love Zelda was not happy with his small earnings. He was also ambitious for achieving distinguished success in life and in his efforts to achieve this he re -wrote his novel but it was rejected for the second time by the Scribners. He was not successful in his advertising venture as well. Unwilling to continue with him Zelda broke her engagement with him. Disappointed he returned from New York in 1919 and decided to re-write his novel. He has titled it this time as ‘This side of the paradise’ and sent it once again to Scribners. The editor Maxwell Perkins selected it. The publication of this novel in 1920 proved to be a windfall for him. Its huge success gave celebrity status overnight to twenty four years old Fitzgerald. Interestingly critics trace his mesmerism of Princeton days as well as the broken heart of a young lover in this masterpiece. This early distinctive success in his life brought material fortunes for him as well. Soon after the publication of this novel he became one of the highly paid writers of America. He started living life king size. His infatuation with Zelda compelled him to forget her money minded a ttitude and he married her at this point as now he could lead an extravagant and lavish lifestyle with her and shifted to New York. For Fitzgerald couple, life blossomed into a bed of roses. They were also blessed by their only child Frances Scott Fitzgerald in October 1921. Fitzgerald was writing professionally short stories and plays as well to supplement his income. ‘Flappers and Philosophers’ and ‘Tales of the Jazz Age’ are his wonderful collection of short stories. He wrote his second novel ‘The Beautiful and Damned’ during this time. At this point he was living a life beyond his means expecting further successes as a writer. In this process, he came under heavy debts. Incidentally, his work of political satire ‘

Blacks Leisure Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blacks Leisure Group - Essay Example This diversity makes the company capture a wider market. The company's strength also lies in the availability of capital enabling the company to weather periods of large losses and allocate budget to cover expenses for closure of its non-performing stores. This is the result of a comprehensive and effective financial management scheme. Most of the products sold by the company are designed for cold and moist conditions which make it inappropriate or warm and dry conditions. Whenever such weather conditions occur, the company will surely suffer from decreased sales. The company is also lacking in activities that encourage participation and industry growth. It has minimal presence in advocacy campaigns geared towards the availability of land/waterways upon which to recreate, strong outdoor ethos in the next generations and integration of a variety of activities into the active outdoor lifestyle. These activities are necessary to ensure that people will prefer to go outdoors than just enjoy indoor activities. According to the 2007 full preliminary report of the company, the new e-commerce web sites for Blacks and Millets have resulted to a 70% increase on online sales. The provision of online shopping as a distribution channel presents opportunities for the business firm to increase their sales as they can widen their coverage.

Ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnography - Essay Example n which the members of this church maintain a close-knit, family relationship by examining worship practices, family relationships and subgroup relationships within the greater whole. The data for this analysis was collected over a period of weeks in which the author kept a journal of his observations while attending church. While the author was a participant in these proceedings, effort was made to step back and view the proceedings from the perspective of the outsider without sacrificing the insights available to the insider. Journal entries were made on a weekly basis beginning September 4, 2006 and ending October 23, 2006. There are approximately 250 listed members of this particular church, 230 of which attend on a regular basis. The members of the church range in ages from the very young to the very old, with a majority of the members falling within the middle age category. The congregation is also comprised of a wide variety of ethnicities, primarily Russian, Lebanese and Greek. The worship service itself functions as a reminder of a call to family togetherness. One of the first actions parishioners observe as they walk into the church is to light a candle in the Narthex in memory of a deceased relative or loved one – the author typically lights one in memory of a deceased uncle. They then kiss the icon and cross themselves on the chest three times before taking their places to ensure they are in proper frame of mind to receive the instruction to follow. The sermon, usually covering a topic that is loving and nonjudgmental, typically lasts approximately one hour. Following the sermon, the congregation files out, kissing the priest and the cross he holds as they pass. From here, most members of the congregation file into a large dining room in which they partake of foods brought in from individual members. Toward the end of the period of study, a young girl was baptized in a child-size plastic swimming pool that had obviously been purchased at

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Case Study Example While this move is anticipated to benefit China’s trading partners, since they will be in a position to reap the benefit of a flexible currency exchange rate, which includes increasing the value of their exports to China, there is some dissent view amongst some economists, that doing that will have a negative implication on China and consequently on its trading partners (Alfaro and Tella, 7). On the event that China would make its currency exchange rate more flexible, a high rate of deflation will be experienced in China, which would result to economic decline. This is because; making the exchange rate flexible would mean that the Chinese currency will lose some value relative to other currencies, such as the US dollar. This would mean that the cost of doing business in china will increase, since the multinational corporations and other foreign investments to china will be force to cater for the cost of increased inflation. This might result to having most of the foreign inves tments or the multinational companies moving out of the Chinese market, and seeking to invest in other countries, where the cost of doing business will be relatively lower (Alfaro and Tella, 18). ... The Chinese economy operated under the principles of communism, until reforms were introduced to make it a socialist economy, with private ownership of property and increased reforms in agriculture, state-owned enterprises, banking sector, trade and foreign investment policies, which saw China increase its GDP growth by 9.5% annually, and increase its trade from 10% of GDP to 79% of GDP between 1978 to 2004 (Alfaro and Tella, 15). The most significant change was in foreign investment policies, where China pursued policies that allowed for high foreign investment, resulting to having 50% of Chinas exports being produced by foreign investors by 2004 (Alfaro and Tella, 16). China pursued foreign direct investment into its economy more than borrowing loans, an aspect that saw the FDI account for more than 70% of its capital inflow in the early 2000s. However, the pressure of investment into china reached to a position of imbalance with the household consumption, prompting the Chinese gov ernment to slow down its pursuit for investment, to encourage household consumptions, so that the pressures of investment and consumption would level off. Thus, as opposed to focusing on revaluing the exchange rates, the Chinese government started focusing on domestic policies that would enhance consumption starting 2005 (Alfaro and Tella, 22). Both the domestic policy and the exchange rate revaluation have the impact of increasing deflationary pressure, while increasing the cost of doing business for foreign investors. This calls for a further adjustment to such businesses, which may include increasing their sales in China to cover up for the increased costs, or shifting their businesses to other countries which have less cost of doing business. Therefore, as much as there

Reclining Female Figure, attributed to the Ashmolean Master, Greece, Research Paper

Reclining Female Figure, attributed to the Ashmolean Master, Greece, Cycladic Islands, Naxos Early Cycladic II, Dokathismata variety, 24002300 B.C - Research Paper Example It has small pointed breasts, narrow arms that are folded right below the left. The figure has gently curved hands across the abdomen that is swollen. The piece has a deep cleft apex that is bisected and separates the long legs in front. It has a shallow cleft in the back that is raised up to the horizontal buttock ridge. The knees are intended and profiled. The ankles are also incised and the feet are angled down having concave soles with delineated toes. The piece is 11 and a half inch high. (Symes) The image has a feminine figure with broad shoulders and curved waist. It is a small sculpture that is portable. The figure uses curved triangular shape for the head, curved square shape for the breast oval curve for the waist and semi triangular shape for the legs. The texture type used in the image is not actual but visual. This is a texture typical for human skin. The texture type indicates that it is a light piece. It has a predominantly light with dark accents in the value scheme. The sculpture has varied characteristic aspects that relate to the principles of design. It portrays a perfect balance in the way the weight of the piece can be distributed evenly through the shoulder down to the feet. The shoulders are wider but proportional to the waist and portable by the legs. The hands are evenly shaped, but little thinner compared to the body size. The breast size is broader and not uniform to the lower part after the arms which provides non feminine image and looks unrealistic. This is a clear contrast on the figurative image of the female body. There is harmonious curved shaping of the waist and legs. The forward bending of the knees depicts natural movement in the piece. The piece is composed of numerous regular shaping to form a smooth feminine image. The dominant points on the piece are in the breasts and waist. The waist has a curving line

US Economic Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

US Economic Performance - Essay Example According to the report findings GDP growth is also boosted by business spending or investments. This could be ascribed favorable financial conditions and rising business confidence levels as well as growth in labor productivity. Economic growth is also fuelled by government spending. Similar to individual consumers, the government also has a high consumption propensity as opposed to saving tendency. Such economic condition may be favorable in the short run. It may also be disastrous in the long run since it may result to increased domestic and foreign borrowings. This paper declares that economic growth is usually accompanied by rising inflation brought about by the increasing aggregate demand. Despite current economic expansion, CPI is maintained at reasonable levels in the US. However, an increase in CPI may be expected within the remainder of year due to the steady increase in the price of energy. Increase in price level is forecasted because of the projected escalation in production cost resulting from the cost of employee benefits and raw material. Generally, the US has performed fairly well and met its economic targets to date. The country has generated GDP growth for the first quarter of 2005. Albeit its unemployment rate is marginally higher than its target, improvements in the labor market are notable. The CPI is also within the normal range. Given these conditions, economic perspective for the short run could be described as promising.

Managing Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing Operations - Essay Example Vertical integration will ensure that the company owns upstream buyers as well as downstream suppliers. This kind of strategy, unlike the horizontal integration, is characteristic of one firm engaging in diverse production processes that include manufacturing, transportation, marketing of its products and the end process of retailing. Vertical integration will also enable the new company expand vertically through processes of acquisition (Holloway, 2002). Such processes of acquisition will enable the company to expand. Expansion in business is desired because it consolidates the supplies needed by the company in the production of the needed products and their subsequent marketing and sale. This results to a more diverse and efficient business entity that incurs lower costs of production and surge in profits. Related to this is lateral expansion, which means growth of the business through acquisition and purchase of similar firms in anticipation of attaining economies of scale. Throug h these kinds of expansion strategies, there are increases in scales and market shares. However, internal/external losses and gains are characteristic of vertical integration. They differ depending on the technological state of the manufacturing sector/industry that produces power hand equipment/tools (saws, sanders, and electric drills). They correspond to the stages that characterize the industry’s life cycle. The company is therefore set to gain in terms of lower costs in transaction, the synchronization of demand and supply along the supply chain’s products. The supply chain is also set to gain from higher levels of investment and lower uncertainty. Another gain that the proposed business is set to achieve is the ability to capture and monopolize the market by selling high quality products that are capable of propelling the company’s fortunes in profits and market share. Vertical integration would also translate to strategic independence of the company in ca ses where vital inputs are scarce or their prices are highly volatile (Bovel, 2003). Vertical integration also attracts some losses to the company. These losses touch on high coordination costs, high organizational and monetary costs brought about by changing to other buyers/suppliers. There is also less motivation for quality performance at the beginning of the business because sales are guaranteed and substandard quality may be included into other types of inputs at subsequent stages of manufacturing. Five major performance metrics ought to be adopted by the proposed supply chain business. These metrics ought to be measured regularly, for instance, after a period of one month or so, for each specific product of the business. One of the performance metrics that should be used to measure performance of the supply chain is the Fill Rate, which is the order percentage, delivered on schedule/time. This means the products are delivered to the customers on time as requested. Another perf ormance metric that should be incorporated by the supply chain is the Response delay, which is the difference between the negotiated day and the requested day of delivery expressed in normal working days. Measuring frequencies of different delay values can enable estimations of the statistical order distributions with a specific delay value. In this instance, managers ought to be interested in the probability of surpassing a given value. Stock is the next

Data Analysis for Business Decision Making Essay

Data Analysis for Business Decision Making - Essay Example Table1: Time needed in minutes on electronic devices Internal modem External modem Circuit board CD drive Hard drive Memory board Available minutes per week Test device1 2 3 5 6 4 8 9000 Test device 2 1 5 3 2 5 5 7800 Test device3 5 2 3 3 3 2 6600 Test device 4 3 4 2 1 2 3 6120 Next calculation will involve determining of the mathematical relationship for describing the constraints given in the problem. One relationship that is general is the quantity of resource that is utilized should be less than or rather equal to the quantity of resource that is available. The decision variables should also be greater than zero. First constraint: Test device 1 time used Test device 1 time available 2a+3b+5c+6d+4e+8f 9000 Second constraint: Test device 2 time used Test device 2 time available a+5b+3c+2d+5e+5f 7800 Third constraint: Test device 3 time used Test device 3 time available 5a+2b+3c+3d+3e+2f 6600 Fourth constraint: Test device 4 time used Test device 4 time available 3a+4b+2c+1d+2e+3f 6 120 Fifth constraint: a, b, c, d, e, f 0 All these constraints do represent the restrictions of the capacity of production, and have an effect on the total profit. The constraints display a linear programming aspect in which certain specific interactions would exist in between the given variables. Increasing the number of units produced by a company would reduce the production of other products. Response to question c. Solution. The decision variables in this problem are a, b, c, d, e, f. This problem was solved using the excel solver that is displayed the worksheet. Microsoft Excel 12.0 Answer Report Worksheet: [Book3]Sheet1 Report Created: 20/07/2012 10:52:29 Target Cell (Max) Cell Name Original Value Final Value $B$7 z 0 545568 Adjustable Cells Cell Name Original Value Final Value $B$1 a 0 168 $B$2 b 0 0 $B$3 c 0 984 $B$4 d 0 0 $B$5 e 0 936 $B$6 f 0 0 Constraints Cell Name Cell Value Formula Status $B$8 c1 9000 $B$8=0 Binding $B$5 e 936 $B$5>=0 Not Binding $B$6 f 0 $B$6>=0 Bindin g From the table, the maximum profit for Northern H-Tec E. Ltd Company is ?545,568 as displayed in the work sheet. Where c1, c2, c3, and c4 represents the constraints involved in the problem. Response to question d. Constraints that are biding are those constraints that limit the output of profit where as the non binding constraints do not always have a limitation in the overall profit. This implies that changing the non binding constraints do not affect the profit so long as the changes in this kind of constraints are within the allowable decrease and increase indicated in the sensitive report. Changing binding constrain

Discuss One environmental problem facing cities and outline some solutions Essay Example for Free

Discuss One environmental problem facing cities and outline some solutions Essay Discuss One environmental problem facing cities and outline some solutions The issue of a severe problem called solid waste in Manila and Beijing is becoming a matter of concern. Causes of numerous waste aroused widespread attention. Therefore, the solution to reduce greenhouse gas emission from solid waste management can be regional and international (Ooi, 2009, p.189). It seems that waste has become an important part of the environmental problem in cities. Waste can be divided into two distinct parts, hazardous waste and non-hazardous waste, and the non-hazardous waste is consisted of municipal solid waste, industrial waste and some other types (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). Because of the large amount of waste, government needs to spend more human and financial resources. Therefore, some additional environmental problems in cities are related to waste, such as air pollution, water pollution and the greenhouse effect. This article will introduce the causes of municipal solid waste, industrial waste and hazardous waste, and some effective prevention methods to solve these problems. The spawning of municipal solid waste, which including residents living garbage, hospital waste and commercial waste, building waste, leads to the most serious problem. Most of human behaviour could cause the growth of solid waste. Materials which are thrown away by citizens, such as the product bottles, food scraps, newspapers and batteries are the direct causes of solid waste. Consequently, effective methods need to be implemented. The most direct method is to decrease the amount of waste. To perform the principle of waste prevention, the society should focus on the recycling and collecting, which means to withdraw useful and organic materials, then turn these items into new products. This method could reduce the needs of raw materials. In addition, waste can be used as a resource and it will be economical use (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). Manufacturing and industrial procedure are the most direct cause of industrial waste. Stone tools and sickles are difficult to be seen in current-day, because in factories, up-to-the minute production lines that produce numbers of waste per day are used as a substitute for wood and stone. To show an example, by 1990 the amount of industrial waste has raised  up to 265 million tons, which is a shocking figure to the public (Waste Industries, 2013). Hence, the city government should provide a convenient environment for factory managers and convince them that they should undertake the environmental responsibility. Meanwhile, managers should comply with the principle of recycling industrial waste. Therefore, waste management issues in cities should be people-oriented (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). Hugo (2012) stated †Some industrial waste management services companies even emphasize on understanding clients’ industrial processes that produce waste and then supplying the tools for deterring accurate chemical and physical properties.† In addition, hazardous waste is damaged in both human health and the city environment. Solvents, electroplating wastes, heavy metals, and acids, which all produced by laboratory and chemical plant in cities cause substantial accumulation of hazardous waste. In agriculture, citizens’ non-standard behavior of using pesticides can lead to the generation of hazardous waste. Moreover, non-standard behavior in city life can also cause the creation of hazardous waste, such as batteries and some items containing heavy metal thrown away by citizens (Harris et al, n.d.). Thus, cities should take some actions to reduce producing hazardous waste. In industries, numbers of methods need to be done. For instance, melt materials like batteries can be recycled. To recover resource and lean production, Harris (n.d.) claimed â€Å"Zinc can be gathered from smelting furnaces. Used oil, hydraulic fluids, refrigerator compressors and more can be taken from cars and fridges.† Citizens should pay attention to establishing especial collection facilities in cities. Considering the problem of land, the city government needs to find a suitable place in the city where could offer special disposal of toxic waste (Harris et al, n.d.). In recent years, the number of waste becomes a growing tendency, which is a common phenomenon, has aroused wide concern in cities. The causes of waste are the spawning of Municipal Solid Waste, industrial activities and citizens’ and industries’ non-standard behavior. What is more, to decrease the amount of waste, citizens should standardize their behavior and use waste as a resource, and managers should release their environmental responsibility so that factories could reduce the discharge of industrial waste. Government needs to establish especial collection facilities in cities and find a suitable place for toxic waste. In conclusion, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of recycling and reducing. Citizens of the future may be more environmentally conscious than people in the current society.

How To Straighten Teeth Without Wearing Braces English Language Essay

How To Straighten Teeth Without Wearing Braces English Language Essay You might wonder if it is really possible to straighten your teeth and have them in a pearly row without having to wear braces. A few years ago if you had buck teeth or uneven teeth then your only option of getting them straightened was to opt for braces. This is considered to be quite cumbersome as it involves the painful process of wearing braces. However this is a thing of the past. This will spare you from having to wear braces for years. You now do have the option of being able to cut short the process of straightening your teeth and not go through the painful and long drawn out process of having to wear braces. And yet go on to have the best of teeth. The latest is the use of invisalign in place of the traditional braces that have always been used. The way the invisalign is made is that it has a set of retainer like mouthpieces. The role of these are to ensure that your teeth are straight and in a row. It takes about a year to straighten out your teeth by using invisalign and sparing yourself the use of braces. However, the flip side to invisalign is that they work well on teeth with minor misplacement. Another option for you could be the use of veneers. The use of veneers ensures that you are able to apply them directly to your teeth and you wont have to deal with the old imperfect row of teeth any longer. There are two different kinds of veneers that you can choose from which are either porcelain or composite. You can discuss it further with the orthodontist regarding whether it will be the right kind of thing to opt for, for your kind of teeth. If your teeth are overcrowded then you might be able to go for cosmetic contouring rather than having braces on. This is an absolutely pain free process and will have your teeth reshaped by a cosmetic dentist. Within a visit or two to the dentist you will be done. Therefore, it does not take that long a process as with braces. There are removable orthodontic appliances that you can wear at night or on specific days. These though work best on the upper row of teeth. If you want to avoid the use of braces then this might work out to be a good enough option to talk over with the orthodontist. There are retainers that can help correct the alignment of the teeth. Ask your dentist if one of these can be designed specifically for your teeth. However, keep in mind that most of these techniques work for people who need minor corrections to their teeth. In case they need major straightening of the teeth then they might not be the right kind of candidate for this kind of procedure. If you have already worn braces for a while and then given up on them, then this kind of procedure will work fine for you. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  How Can I Remove Stains From Ceramic Braces? Many people prefer to opt for ceramic braces as they are less visible and intrusive. They are more aesthetic than the full metal ones. These ceramic braces need to be attached to the tooth surface using ligatures which are tiny rubber bands and thin metals. This helps in the realignment of the teeth. This in turn adds to the stain on the teeth as they easily pick up the stains from the food and drink that they are exposed to. This starts looking ugly and unattractive and can go on to give your teeth a really ugly yellowish hue to them. The first thing that you should do is to bring to the attention of the orthodontist the stains and how they affect you. The glue that is used will be minimized and regular visits to the orthodontist will ensure that you have no noticeable stains on your teeth. When you choose the colors for the ligature ensure that you choose right. There are some colors that stain less when compared to other colors. It is a not a good idea to opt for ligatures that are invisible and white in color as the chances of them getting stained are more. On the other hand ligatures that are dark in color such as blacks and maroons will stain less. The only thing that you might mind with these dark ligatures is that they make the wearing of braces obvious. Pastel colors are a good option and they show less of staining with enough good dental hygiene. The next thing that you need to consider in order to go on and keep your cosmetic braces and teeth stain free is good hygiene. This includes brushing and flossing of your teeth diligently and regularly. Ensure that you are able to reach the hard to reach areas as well. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Take Care of Your Braces To Get The Best Smile If you want to be left behind with one of the most dazzling of smiles after the braces treatment then you do need to ensure that you take good care of the braces. The thing is that when you have braces on you have more bands, brackets and wires in your teeth than you will have at any other time in your life. This makes brushing of your teeth far more difficult that is the reason you need to learn of the right way to go about and brush your teeth. Also, with the braces on you will not be able to chew in the most normal of fashions. This is one of the reasons why you should maintain top hygienic conditions in order to avoid any development of cavities in your teeth. This can further foster the entrapment of food and pieces of your meal which can go on to create tartar and plaque on your teeth. As you brush between the wires of your braces you should ensure that you take due care of them. Also you should ensure that you do follow the restrictions that have been laid down by your orthodontist. This will go on to increase the treatment options and within no time your braces will be off and you will be left behind with a sparkling smile to boot. Ensure that you make the right food choices when you have your braces on. Do not gorge on sticky food as this will cause more dental decay and make it difficult for you to go on and clean between your braces. Also, try and eliminate hard and crunchy foods from your diet as this might go on to harm your braces and interfere with the treatment. The hard food can go on to bend and warp the braces which will interfere with your treatment. Also, the rubber bands will be loosened and this will not go on to place enough tension on to your teeth. Do not put anything into your mouth whilst you have braces on such as pencils, pens, fingers, ice cubes as this will affect your braces. Do not eat food with a high content of citric acid as it will make your teeths enamel weak and dissolve it. The next thing to keep in mind when you have your braces on is that you do need to take the utmost care of your teeth and hygiene in fact more than what you did previously. What you need to do is to brush and floss your teeth diligently at least three times a day if not multiple amounts of times. Also, floss with great care so as to remove the hidden particles of food from every nook and crevice of your teeth. Do not bite your fingernails or plastic packaging. If you take all of these considerations, the moment you remove your braces you will be left behind with the most dazzling of smiles. 13 Affordable Orthodontics How to Find Cheap Dental Braces You know htat you need to have braces on your teeth in order to straighten them out and get the best smile possible for yourself, but what is holding you back in the cost for the braces. Do not despair as there are ways by which you can go on to have the best possible braces for yourself without emptying out your wallet. What you need to consider is the finding of cheap dental braces. There are ways in which you can go on to save big money on your braces. You might want to look at your insurance policy but unless you have a separate policy for dental care your policy will not go on to cover it. Moreover, you should have taken the policy way before the need for one arose. Also, with the insurance policy there is a specified limit and once you go on to cross that limit you will not find any further financial help. Another alternative to this is to opt for a discounted dental plan. This is a plan that goes on to offer you a hefty discount on the orthodontist treatment that you opt for. This discounted dental plan goes on to work even for existing concerns unlike in the case of an insurance plan. What you need to do is to join the plan and then you can avail of the discounts right away. Another way to get yourself cheap braces is to discuss it with your orthodontist or their office. You might feel hesitant and embarrassed to ask for a discount but you will be amazed at the amount that you can save that way. There are dentists who might offer you a discount in their fees or the materials that goes into the treatment for braces. There are several trainee hospitals that need patients for their students to be able to learn. You can take an appointment with one of these. These might be completely free or they might just charge you for the materials used. You need not worry as the students are under the strict vigilance of their coach who is a trained professional orthodontist. The only flip side to this is that it might take a wee bit longer than envisaged. But, it is certainly worth it as you end up getting the treatment almost free of cost. If you are looking for saving more money on the braces then you can let your orthodontist know about that and they will show you braces that are not that aesthetic to look at but work just as well. these are priced at a far more lower rate and they actually work in straightening out your teeth and getting you a discount as well. The approximate costs for braces works out to be about $5000 but if you play it smart you can get them done at a far cheaper rate than that. 14 How to Clean Your Mouth With Dental Braces When you have braces on your mouth is going to be filled with wires, brackets and metal of all kind. This will make it all the more hard for an ordinary tooth brush to reach the various parts of your mouth and teeth. But, it is absolutely imperative that you brush and floss diligently several times in a day if you want to keep cavity and gum disease at bay. That is one of the reasons why you need to adopt a stringent hygiene control method that will have you cleaning your teeth and mouth in the right manner. you need to ensure that you eat the right kinds of food that are not sticky and hard so as to stick to your teeth and be hard for a brush to remove. Also, avoid food that is highly acidic in nature in order to guard your teeth enamel against weakening and wearing off. Avoid all kinds of food that is high in fructose and glucose as they are sticky and a natural breeding ground for bacteria. The first thing to remember when you have braces on is to brush and floss your teeth after every meal that you eat. Before you go to bed at night it is imperative that you clean your mouth well and remove all traces of food from it. You need a soft brush and one that is able to give you a thorough brushing. Make your toothbrush and toothpaste your best friends and carry them along with you wherever you go. This will enable you to get into the habit of brushing after every meal no matter where you are. Every time that you visit your orthodontist they will clean your teeth professionally in order to remove any build up of plaque and tartar. There are dentists that might go on to apply braces wax on your teeth in order to go on and protect it from the harmful effect of food on it. Also, there are a few readymade braces cleaning kits available in the market. The braces kit will consist of a range of toothbrushes, toothpastes, and dental wax. When you have all of this in one place you will be more likely to reach out for them and use them. Make sure that you pay special attention to the kind of toothpaste and tooth brush that you use. The toothbrush should have an angular head and be able to brush at all angles. The bristles on it should be soft. The toothbrush should have special ingredients to help it fight tooth decay and work at it for a longer duration. There is no two ways about oral hygiene being extremely important and more so when you have braces on. You need to strive really hard to keep your teeth; braces and mouth squeaky clean and stop the buildup of bacteria in them. Using all of these techniques you are bound to have teeth that are sparkling even with braces on. 15.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Things to Know Before Getting Dental Braces Is there one person in this world who does not want the best of smiles? A good smile is one that has all the teeth in a row and sparking white. All of us are not gifted with the best of teeth but with the help of braces you can go on to significantly straighten out your teeth. Braces are certainly going to be good for you but you need to ask a few relevant and pertinent questions before you go about with them. This will enable you to know what you are getting into. The first thing that you should ask your orthodontist is about the treatment and how long will it take. You will also want to find out the cost about the treatment for the braces so that you arent in for any unpleasant shocks mid-way through the treatment. Also, ask if you need braces for the top and the bottom row of teeth. This can further lower the cost for you. Furthermore, check the kind of braces that you will get. Will they be metal, ceramic or invisalign? This will decide on the cost. The average costs of braces come up to $5000. The next thing for you to do is to find out whether your insurance plan will cover the cost for the braces and how much of it. Go though the insurance policy that you have in order to find that out. Ask your orthodontist what you should expect at each stage of the braces treatment. This will allow you to know the exact duration, and outcomes so that you wont be disappointed or expect more than need be. When you are asking your orthodontist the questions ensure that you ask them about the care and precautions that you will have to take with your braces on. This will ensure that you are ready to make all the sacrifices needed in order to go ahead and eat the right kind of food. You will have to realize that you will have to give up smoking, all kinds of carbonated drinks and sticky sugary food. But all of this is certainly going to be worth it when you see your smile in the mirror and your teeth in a straight row. Also, you will be able to gain the kind of confidence like none other. You might also want to ask your orthodontist which braces will suit you the best. If your teeth are really crooked and need a whole lot of straightening work to be done on them then you need metallic braces. There are also the latest almost transparent invisalign braces. Ask the right kind of questions and get yourself for the most beautiful of smiles once your braces are off. When you go in for the next dental check up and are considering getting yourself braces then go on and ask these questions to your dentist to make the right decision. 16.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teeth and Gums Care While Wearing Dental Braces The good thing about wearing braces is that you will be able to get your teeth in line and the smile that you deserve. However, the flip side to wearing braces is that you need to ensure that you maintain the best of hygiene in order to be able to keep your teeth and gums in top notch condition. There are several hard to reach areas in your mouth and they become all the more difficult once you have metals and wires in your mouth. Under that circumstance, what you need to do is to ensure that you clean your mouth multiple times in a day. This will make certain that you are able to avoid cavities and the multiplying of harmful bacteria in your mouth. The first thing that you need to ensure once you have the braces on is the dental hygiene and the time and effort that you devote to it. You dont want to be left with straight teeth but those full of carries. That will certainly serve no purpose for you. Invest in a braces cleaning kit. This will consist of different kinds of toothbrushes such as the angular headed ones that are able to reach the most hidden of nooks and crevices in your mouth. Also, you will need a special kind of toothpaste that is good at fighting tooth decay and works for a longer time. The onus of brushing and flossing your teeth regularly lies completely on you. Braces can be one of the hardest of appliances to brush because of the multitude of rubber bands, wires and metals on them. If you dont brush well enough then you can be left behind with the most ugly of stains on your teeth that will refuse to go away. Do not allow any particles of food to cling to your teeth. With vigilant and stringent brushing you will be able to remove them right away. Also, ensure that you gargle after every mouthful that you eat. This will ensure that you have no food particles and harmful bacteria left in your mouth. Another thing that you need to care about is the kind of food that you eat. There are chances of the braces breaking or the rubber bands losing their tension if the food that you eat is hard, crunchy and hard to bite. Therefore, the best thing is to avoid these kinds of food that can not only hamper with your braces treatment but also come in between the way you are able to maintain your teeth. Try and avoid a whole lot of uncooked food as they are not only tough but tend to harbor more bacteria on them. This will go on to gather more tartar and plaque. Acidic food and carbonated drinks will wear off the enamel off your teeth and leave permanent stains on them. Avoid these while you have braces on. All these techniques will ensure that you are able to keep your teeth sparklingly clean and tidy. 17.  Ã‚     Take Care of Your Braces To Get The Best Smile Once you have decided to get yourself braces the next thing that you should ensure for the optimum success of the treatment is that you take good care of them. Usually, a braces treatment lasts about two years and within those two years if you take care of your braces you will come out with a row of the pearliest white teeth. The two things that you need to keep in mind are that you need to be careful about the kind of food and drink that you choose and the maintenance of dental and gum hygiene. Once you are able to care for these two things you will be able to go about your natural activities and ensure that the braces last you throughout the treatment. Also, you will be able to get for yourself the best of smiles ever in the shortest of duration. The care that you take of the rubber bands, the metal wires and the overall braces bracket will ensure that they work really well for you. The best thing for you to do is to go ahead and brush your teeth in the right manner. With the help of the right brushing technique you will be able to brush your teeth in such a way that there is no build up of hidden food at all. Ask your orthodontist about the right way of brushing and flossing and they will be able to guide you about this. The mouth care regime should become one of your top most priorities once you have braces on. This will ensure that you are able to care for your teeth and gums and not have any cavities developing in them. The best thing about the braces is that the care for them is really simple and you need not invest in a whole lot of expensive material to do so. All that you need is a braces kit that consists of the right kind of toothbrushes, toothpastes and flossing material. The next thing that you need to ensure is what kind of food that you eat with the braces on. You need to avoid hard and sticky food as that is the thumb rule with braces on. Do not keep anything in your mouth such as pens, pencils and your fingers as well. avoid a whole lot of raw food such as apples and carrots as biting into them is difficult and might cause you problems. Do not have too many carbonated and acidic drinks as well as this will go on to wear off the enamel and make your teeth stain easily. Sticky food such as gum, sweets, food with a whole lot of sucrose and fructose in it, chips, popcorn and peanuts are best avoided when you have braces. With this minimal amount of care you will be just fine with your braces on. 18.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Color Ideas for Braces Gone are the days and times when wearing braces was considered to be the end of fashionable you. Rather, with the new age braces you can choose from the ample amount of different colors available and go on to make the best fashion statements possible. You will love the way you have so much of color variety. There are almost thirty or so colors that you can go on and choose from. The first thing that you should do is to find out from your orthodontist what the colors that they would recommend are. Ask for the color wheel at the orthodontist to get an idea of it. The dentist will be able to tell you about the different kind of hues and color tones that look good on teeth, your face, your personality and facial features. The usual colors that people usually reach out for dark shades such as blues, reds and maroons. The colors that you certainly need to keep away from are whites and yellows as they highlight the stains on your teeth and make them look yellowish. The colors that you can choose can be according to your affiliations. You can go on and choose the colors of your country, your school or the sports team that you love. You need not only pick one color. Rather you can go on to be as creative as possible. You can choose different colors for alternate teeth such as odd and even. You can also choose different colors for your upper and lower teeth. There are several color selectors online that can help you in your choice of colors. If you like Barbie doll and are a girl then you can pick pink. This is considered to be a real hot color for braces at the moment. In pink you can choose different shades such as hot pink and baby doll pink. All that you need to do is to let your imagination and creative side run wild. You can keep in mind the current festivals, celebrations and match the colors of your braces according to that. Another way of matching the color on your braces is with the help of the colors that are predominant in your wardrobe. You will love the way you can get the most worn color or a contrast to that color on to your braces. It is so much fun to choose the best of color braces and flaunt your color style on your teeth. You will love the way you are able to make a fashion statement with the help of your braces. You can choose the color combination of orange and black for Halloween or for Thanksgiving yellow and black. Go ahead and use your braces to add on the right kind of fun element. However, keep one thing in mind that the colors the way they will look on a color selector spectrum or on the color wheel might be slightly different in reality based on the colors, the materials used and how they reflect the light on your teeth. 19 Red White And Blue Invisible Braces a comprehensive view The most used colors for braces and therein the most popular as ones are bound to be red, white and blue. This is because they look really wonderful and ensure that your teeth will look the whitest. There are several patients who love to wear braces as it promises them teeth that are in a straight line. Teeth that are aligned well enough will make so much of a difference to the way you look. This will go on to affect your personal and professional life as well. However, people werent sure of wearing braces because of the way that they would make them look but with the new age color invisalign braces on, they have become more of a color co-ordinate fashion statement for the youth. In fact people who dont have braces have begun to wish that they did. The best of colors to choose from are red and blue. The reason being these dark colors reflect the light that falls on them really well making your teeth look brighter and whiter than what they are. On the other hand be careful when you use white for your braces. The reason behind this is that white stains easily and because of this you will have your teeth magnifying any stains on them, having a yellowish hue and tinge on them. What you can do in case of white braces is to brush your teeth stringently and change the color at your next visit to the orthodontist. The three colors red, white and blue are the perfect colors to use for invisible braces. It will go on to add the right color spark and at the same time help in straightening out your teeth. This will give you the right kind of cutting edge in your braces treatment. The invisalign braces are the latest in braces technology and it will help you to straighten out your teeth and minimize any gaps that exist between them. The new age innovative designs along with the best of colors will ensure that you are able to use the very best of technology to get the kind of teeth that you have always dreamed of. Even before the braces are of, long before that you will be able to go ahead and bare your teeth and smile at the world as the color braces will add the right zing to wearing braces. The red, blue colors will add the right kind of sparkle and color. if you dont want your braces to be noticeable then you can go for the invisible white color in your braces. You can remove them when you want to and every six to seven weeks at your next orthodontists visit you can go ahead and change the color. You will love the way the new age color braces can empower you. 20.  Ã‚     How to Prevent White Spots From Braces If you have been wearing braces for a long time and when you remove them, you might notice white spots on your teeth. These white spots can be for a multitude of reasons. But, now that your braces are off you do want to go ahead and remove them so that you have the well-aligned pearly set of teeth ever. The first thing for you to keep in mind is that these white spots are predominantly formed from the food that gets entrapped in between the wires and metal of the braces and the bacteria start to work on it. The first thing that you should ensure is the best of oral hygiene. Constant brushing and flossing of the teeth at regular intervals will ensure that the white spots are not there or minimalistic white spots are there once you remove your braces. Ensure that you use fluoridated toothpaste as that will ensure that there is no build up of bacteria on your teeth. Also, use a toothbrush with an angular head so that it is able to reach all the nooks and crevices of your teeth. As soon as you eat something you should go ahead and brush your teeth and if you cant do that then rinse your mouth with water. When you have your braces on avoid acidic food. This will wear off the enamel on your teeth and will go on to make your teeth look yellowish and stained. You need to avoid all kinds of sugary food such as candies, brownies, carbonated drinks, sticky food and the like if you want no spots to be left behind once your braces are off. Also, at the next visit to your orthodontist ask him if you need to take any other precautions in order to ensure that what is left behind after the braces treatment are teeth that are not only straight but sparkling and pearly white. Look at your tooth brush carefully and replace it often enough. The bristles on your toothbrush should be soft and reach the hardest to reach area in your mouth. What you need to do is to brush as often as possible and the moment you see your toothbrush showcasing signs of wear and tear then go ahead and replace it. Also, when you have your braces on go ahead and drink plenty of water after you have eaten. This is an easy way to dislodge any food particles that might be stuck in your mouth and in between teeth. If you must use a mouthwash then dont use the ones that are bought off the shelf. These contain alcohol that go on to dry your mouth and results in more problems. Make a mouthwash at home if you must using herbs such as mint. There can be nothing to replace regular brushing and flossing of your teeth if you want to have no stains on your teeth after the braces are removed. The one simple rule is that if you want to avoid white spots keep your teeth clean.

The History Of The Shade Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essay

The History Of The Shade Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essay The aim of this research project is a critical analysis of dark tourism in relation to its application to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum in New York, USA. This dissertation will analyse dark tourism, related to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, shade of dark tourism, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, and strategies of them, then to depth analysis of details of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum. The literature review shows secondary research and quantitative research, conducted on dark tourism is, the shade framework of dark tourism and some strategies of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum. This indicates analyses structure of the case study. Through this dissertation, the author aim and objectives were achieved, and further suggestions and analysis are provided which could help Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum better match their aim and mission. Chapter 1. Introduction In this section, why Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum have been chosen as a case study are explained. September 11th, 2001 North America suffered a most serious terrorist attack by al Qaeda. The World Trade Center in New York was destroyed and many people died in this attack. Nowadays, American and New York government decide build Ground Zero in the site of the World Trade Center and build the 9/11 Memorial Museum for people to remembers and understand how terrible terrorism is. After the 9/11 attacks, there are many people remembered victims through in many ways, and visitor numbers increased. In recent years, the dark tourism has start to develop (Sharpley and Stone, 2009), and the 9/11 attacks shocked the whole world thus, Ground Zero as a new building and the 9/11 Memorial Museum as the main memorial place, these are the main reasons for the author choosing them as a case study. These are related to dark tourism. Aim: To undertake critical analysis of dark tourism in relation to its application to Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum. Objectives: To critically evaluate dark tourism. To analyse Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum as memorial sites. To evaluate tourism management strategies in relation to balancing the negative and positive side of dark tourism relating to tourism at Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Chapter 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This part is composed of research and information into the meaning of dark tourism and its various shades shade, the situation of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, and the strategies used to manage Ground Zero and memorial museum. 2.2 Evaluation of dark tourism Each tourism product has a complex design, therefore it is not can easy to definite dark tourism as dark or light (Stone, 2006). In this situation, in order to distinguish dark tourism, the author needs a prudent scale to argue and analyse the shade of dark tourism. Stone (2006) made a summary of the different shade of dark tourism. Table 1: shade of dark tourism Sources: Stone (2006): A dark tourism spectrum: perceived product features of dark tourism within a darkest lightest framework of supply. Each dark tourism site could be analysed by this framework, to define its shade. For Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum the author will use this table to analyse the shade from the definition of dark tourism mentioned above, it is easy to see that dark tourism relates to death and suffering, Stone (2006) referring to Miles (2002) suggests that the difference between sites of death and suffering and sites associated with death and suffering should be understood. The former is the site at a place where there has been death and suffering, and the latter is a site which is connected to death and suffering. Ground Zero was built at the site of the World Trade Center, which was destroyed in 2001 and in which almost 3000 people died (CNN news 2009), Ground Zero corresponds to the sites of death and suffering. On the other hand 9/11 Memorial Museum is not built on the site of the World Trade Center, it just close to the site and its main purpose is to function as a memorial, so this mu seum is part of the sites associated with death and suffering. However, thorough other aspect in table 1 and based on the main theory from Stone (2006) and Miles (2002) , the shades of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum and impact of dark tourism will be analysed late in the Findings section. 2.3 An analysis of Ground Zero. In 09/11/2001, there was an attack by terrorists and the World Trade Center was destroyed, New York is currently rebuilding this site which has a new name Ground Zero. 9/11 was the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of mankind, and now there is a different attitude to related to this site. On May 1, 2011 President Obama announced that American Navy Seals had killed Osama bin Laden who was the mastermind of the 9/11 attacks. Alter (2011) points out that when America heard this news they celebrated and reflected on, most of them going to the grounds of the White House in Washington and to Ground Zero in New York. In this way Ground Zero may be a place for Americans to remember the people who died on 11th September. Although the World Trade Center was destroyed, but now when the people look at Ground Zero, they will recall the memory of 9/11 and they mourn the dead people. In order to offer a good place to people for memory the government is building a museum in 2006 and put into use in 2011 (9/11 Memorial Museum). As can be seen from this place today, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial museum becomes the main place to have a memory of dead people. These information which mentioned above show one of the main purpose of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum is to remember victims. In this sense, the provide information help the author achieve the objective 2, which is Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum are memorial sites in New York. Memory as the main reason for Ground Zero, and in recent years, especially after 9/11 American government has been ceaselessly the implementating stringent anti- terrorism measures. Miller (2011) points that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the 9/11 terrorist attacks set the stage for the War on Terrorism, in the form of subsequent U.S led invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. In the past, there have been other terrorist attacks on America, but none created such a great influence, in the sense of 9/11 which meant terrorist declared war on humans, and after this event the American government made a strong response to terrorism, and the rebuilding at the site of the World Trade Center means people do not bow to terrorism (Walsh, 2001). In this situation, Ground Zero will be a sign of war on terrorism. Because of the 9/11 terrorism attacks, the U.S government launched a massive counterattack to terrorism, and also affect on the policies and strategies. More details will be analysed in the Findings later. 2.4 Strategies of Ground Zero and 9/11 memorial museum. Sliverstein et al., (2012) in their report refer to after the 9/11 the main signification and action of the World Trade Center is rebuild and memorial. Ground Zero is the new building on the site of the World Trade Center and today the main place to remember 9/11 victims is at the 9/11 Memorial Museum. The author summarises a time line about the main actions of America and New York between 2001 to 2011. Table 2: Main strategies of America and New York after the 9/11 This table just a summarise of the main strategies and action that government used in the past 10 years. Through this table could help the author clean understand the main action of American and New York government to do after 9/11 terrorism attacks. In the findings, the author will use this table to analysis more detail of the government do and related to the significants of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum to analyses. Except strategies and policies on table 2, the author will based on Porters (1985) generic strategy to make a professional strategies anaysis of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum. There are two ways which suitable for Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum to achieve their mission and help the author achieve objective 3: differentiation and cost leadership. Although the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are nonprofits making organisations but their main purpose is make more people understand 9/11 and how horrible terrorism is. In this situation, Ground Ze ro and the 9/11 Memorial Museum also needed strategies to develop them. When an organisation uses a different strategy, it seeks to offer something unique to its customers that they will appreciate. This can be found in marketing sales or the actual product or service. This strategy usually involves charging a premium price to customers to cover the higher production costs and added-value feature. If a organisation uses the cost leadership strategy then it aims to be the lowest-cost producer in the industry to which it belongs. This strategy is usually employed by a large business that produces a standard with little differentiation. It will offer discounts on the products to further increase profits and market share (Porter, 2004). The basis of above-average performance within an industry is sustainable competitive advantage. A cost leadership approach means a firm sets out to become the low cost producer in its industry. Note that a cost leader must achieve parity or at least proximity on the bases of differentiation, even though it relies on cost leadership for its competitive advantage, if more than one company aim for cost leadership, usually this is disastrous, it is often achieved by economies of scale. In this case study, the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are free for tourists, although some other museum also feel free but the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum try to add more value on their products. In the museum, the organisation offers more useful value and information to customers (9/11 Memorial Museum Organisation) more service details will be analysed in the Findings. The differentiation approach means that a firm seeks to be unique in its industry along some dimensions that are widely valued by buyers (Porter 2004). A differentiator can not ignore its cost position. In all areas that do not affect its differentiation, it should try to decrease the cost; in the differentiation area, the costs should at least be lower than the price premium it receives from the buyers. The areas of differentiation can be product, distribution, sales, marketing, service and image. In this paper, because of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are free for customers, therefore the cost of products in not gong to be the center of analysis in this paper. How are Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum different? Based on Donofrio (2010) and Nevins (2005) refer that 9/11 is the most serious and horrible terrorist attack in the history of mankind, and caused a very serious impact on humans, especially families. In this respect, Ground Zero as the site of this terribel incid ent it has a special meaning, but also it is the most direct place for people to have a memorial for 9/11. For 9/11 Memorial Museum, today this site has become one of the most important places for people to remember 9/11. Because the place of Ground Zero is crowded by traffic, if too many people go there to for remembrance it will impact on traffic, so the government built a museum near by the site of the World Trade Center. For the reasons mentioned above, the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are different from other museum and dark tourism sites. Differentiation strategy is suitable for them to provide a high level of products and services. In the findings the author will make more analysis about these two strategies. 2.5 Conclusion This chapter makes a summarised evaluation of dark tourism, the author pays more attention on the shade of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, this is in order to understand the nature of dark tourism, and the other part assess the impact of dark tourism will be analysed in the Findings. Because the author considered understanding nature of the dark tourism could help author to better analysis. Dark tourism is a whole industry, in this paper the author chose Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum as case study, so in this part author also give some short evaluation of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, a simple analysis the shade of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, and what their mean, it gives out a brief summary of them. The part of 2.2 3 the author based on the characteristics of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum point out two suitable strategies for them to develop, achieve their mission and try to offer a high level of service and information to tourists. In part 2.2 of literature review, the author gives out an overall framework and structure of the whole paper, and expounded which different aspects the author considered and analysed to achieve the aim of this paper based on other authors theories which author researched through secondary research and qualitative research. Chapter Three: Methodology 3.1 Introduction There are many different approach and methods to collect data and information in order to achieve the ultimate goal and solve the research question. This chapter mentions how and why the research data were collected, and also advantages and disadvantages of the chosen methods and how to remedy the disadvantage are presented. The data collected are reliable, credible, and authentic. Steward and Kamins (1993) point out that the main research methods could be divided into primary research, secondary research, qualitative research and quantitative research. As the author determined the overall use of secondary research was chosen in this project to achieve the aim, so methodology will provide sufficient justification to explain why secondary research was selected. Thoms (2009) points out that successful research should include the following elements: purpose, question, approach, and method. Hart (2007. p28) argues that the procedure for formulating a method is a system of methods and rul es to be collected and analysis of data and information. In the following paragraph the author will follow Thoms (2009) and Harts (2007) elements to present the methodology and analyse why secondary research was chosen to collect the data and how to analyse the information . 3.2 The Research Process To determine the choice of approach in the research process, the author will use the following Research Process Onion model, introduced by Saunders et al. (2003) is used. The research process onion allows the researcher to identify the many different layers in the research process and to eliminate or identify the most suitable process. The research process onion consists of the following five different layers: The model is used by starting from step one, the outer layer, which illustrates research philosophy, and peeling away the layers when different criteria have been set until reaching the end, which introduces the possible data collection methods. Once the last step has been reached, the parameters of the research have been established. 3.3 Type of research The first stage of the research onion is called research philosophy. Saunders et al (2003, p. 83) argue that the research philosophy depends on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the way that you think about the development of the knowledge. There are four main philosophies that are used to approach the research: positivist, interpretive, realism, and phenomenology. There are two features of positivism philosophy, they are belief that the natural and the social sciences could help the author achieve the aim through the collection of data and information and to explain, then offer an external reality data support and explain the points (Bryman 2001). On the other hand, the interpretivistic philosophy asserts that the assumptions of both philosophies are unwarranted; especially in cases where the objectives of study are influenced by many factors, and are extremely difficult to isolate and control in experimental laboratory settings (Hirschheim and Klein 1994). The realistic philosophy shares two features with a positivism philosophy: a belief that the natural and the social sciences should apply the same kinds of approach to the collection of data and to explanation, and a commitment to the view that there is an external reality to which scientists direct their attention (Bryman 2001). The first three are not appropriate to this study as the positivist paradigm requires mainly quantitative data and uses large samples; interpretive paradigm is more concerned with generating theories and realism investigates relationship between two variables. The latter one has been used for this study as it was the most suitable for this type of research. The phenomenological approach can be applied to a single case, which is appropriate to this research study as the researcher used one Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum as a case study for investigation. The use of phenomenology in the scenario then was to look into what presented itself that is the tourist attraction, its facilities and performance and then explore behind the scenes and question how the tourism operators sell themselves and of any special techniques which are used to do this. This is summarized by Mariampolski (2001): According to phenomenology, the purpose of the human sciences which presumably includes market research is to pry beneath the surface to expose these categories and habits of mind that shape out perceptions. This research study lends itself to a realistic approach, where the author recognises that areas such as strategy and visitors attitudes cannot be measured and studied in the same way physical process can. Instead, the author wants to discover the mechanisms that brought Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum prosper and where possible, will try to measure the theory applied within the study. The existence of competing, or even explanations is one of the features of realist research. (Fisher, 2004. p 16) 3.4 Research strategies and approach The research objectives were to investigate the key metrics as indicators for success; this involved conducting secondary research by studying data and reports. Based on the objectives, it can be said that this research is an explanatory study. According to Robson (1993), this is a type of discovery is: What is happening; to seek new insights; to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light. Exploratory studies are about discovering new information and generating ideas and hypotheses. The researcher explored the factors that contribute to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, and how these places gaining a competitive advantage as these were unknown prior to conducting the study. The approach to the study involved a combination of inductive and deductive approaches, inductive because the researcher collected data and then analysed it to draw conclusions and offer theories; deductive because the researcher studied previous research and evidence through the literature review and then compared it to findings to see how they corresponded or contrasted with each other. The strength of inductive arguments is often weaker than deductions. Deductions are certainties but inductive conclusions are probabilities (Fisher, 2004. p 76) These diverse methods area particularly suited for the research as it requires different analysis and allows for more research to be conducted and analysed. Some qualitative data were used for secondary research, involving studying statistic at figures which relates to the three objectives in finding out the indicators of success. Once this data was analysed conclusions were offered to how Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum gains a competitive advantage. 3.5 Research choice The study will benefit from the use of current secondary data to make clear many of the contradictory findings throughout various authors work, therefore, a report-based approach to data collection was adopted, by examining the annual reports and surveys conducted. In the following section the author will analyes why secondary research was chosen. Gene (1976) points out that secondary research is a way to reanalyse data to answer the question, to achieve the purpose, or use old data to answer a new question. Thus, secondary research is through books, journals, websites, or other researchers findings were used to collect data and material. For primary research and secondary research each have their own advantages, for primary research, Steward and Kamins (1993) indicate that primary research have the following advantages. The first is primary research which could allow the researcher collect the data they want and report it in a beneficial way to support the researcher. The second is primary research enables the author to better grasp and control how the information is collected. The last is the way to help companies who under take primary research to keep information hidden from the competitors and possibly offer an information advantage to these companies. Primary research has some deficiencies but for the author, the projects research will use the secondary research. The author will first point out is to the advantages of secondary research. Steward and Kamins (1993) also given some advantages of secondary research. The biggest advantage of secondary research is saving time and cost, because secondary research allows the author to use of secondary data to support a point of view and this will be easier, and sometimes secondary research could provide a higher quality of data than from a new research, like primary research. If the author wants to obtain some information about suggestions for problem planning, research hypotheses and research methods, secondary research could provide these additional advantages. In addition, secondary research also helps researchers to clarify the issue they want to study, and previous primary research can help clarify the focus of the study. Although there are some deficiencies with secondary research, Bryman and Bell (2007, p.334) point out the limitation of secondary research as the following three: 1. Lack of data relating to the research. 2. The data that are collected are complex; some of these data have a large number of respondents and variables. 3. The quality of data is not controllable. 3.6. Construction of the research For this dissertation, a lot of data were obtained from references source such as books, journals, reports, and networks. Most books which author found were in university library. Not only books, but also a large number of journals, magazines, E bookwere used. For secondary research, the author also included information from found websites. The network of all the information from the New York government websites, local government websites, other reports, and Emerald, in these data also include information from E books, these can ensure the datas authenticity, reliability, accuracy and credibility. Real data are better to support this dissertation, and make this dissertation more credible and make up defect of secondary research. According to the aim and objectives, there is much information and data to support this dissertation, however, many of these data sources are not irrelevant. For this reason, the author will consider many aspects of this dissertation to choose the relevant, credible, accurate information, the author will also consider the quality of data, year of information, and when it was published. 3.7 Assessment schematic Rudestam and Newton (2001, p. 60) argue that you need to keep a perspective, and do an evaluation of the advantages of this study, at the same time make a comparative study with same or similar problems. The purpose of the assessment diagram is to ensure that data collection is credible, reliable, effective and could be used for this study. 1. Survey of major issues: Analysis of what are the main issues to be investigated and definition of the concept of the authors work, allows comparison of similar studies. 2. Hypotheses To enquire and evaluate what hypotheses has been stated and whether the theoretical framework is narrowed or broadened 3.The appropriate data for the study To question whether the collected data are appropriate and how they have influenced results and findings. 3.8 Conclusion This chapter explains why the author would choose secondary research to collect and evaluate data. Meanwhile, the author also aware of the limitation of secondary research, therefore, the author would analysis more information and theories to support this study. In this part, the structure will be illustrated that how the author collect information, how to select suitable, correct and accurate information. Chapter 4 Findings 4.1 Evaluation of Dark Tourism. Part 4.1 will introduce the situation of dark tourism and provide a depth analysis of dark tourism in order for the reader to gain an overall concept of dark tourism, and the details of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum will be given in part 4.2. This paper uses Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum for the case study. The museum is a kind of exhibition showing pictures, voices, and experiences, therefore, this part critically examines the value that contemporary and controversial exhibitions techniques play in the visitor experience at sites of historical significance. According to Lennon (2000), dark tourism is a kind of tourism products that signify a fundamental shift in the way in which death, disaster and atrocity are being handled. Sharpley and Stone (2011) also point out that dark tourism includes travel to sites about deaths, disasters and atrocities. It can be easy to understand the definition of dark tourism (also known as black tourism or grief tourism) as a kind of tourism product, meaning a place that people visit in memory of death, disaster, suffering, violence or atrocity. One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon et al. (2000) as dark tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to dark sites such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of genocide, for example concentration camps. Dark tourism remains a small niche market, driven by a wide variety of visitor motivations such as mourning, remembrance, education, macabre curiosity or even entertainment, depending on the social, cultural and political context (Stone, 2006). In this study, the author takes a neutral stance on this issue. There are both positive and negative aspects in contemporary exhibition techniques. Consequently, a particularly complex issue revolves around the consumption of dark tourism. People usually visit such dark sites for emotive and controversial ideas. Someone, within contemporary society, visits such places out of respect and remembrance. Someone could obtain a secret pleasure in gazing on the macabre. While, some people contemplate t heir own mortality at such attractions and exhibitions (Stone, 2006). Nowadays, visitors are no longer satisfied to loll on the beach or gather around the hotel bar with other tourists. The increasing attention paid to the phenomenon of dark tourism may arguably be symptomatic of the trend within academic circles to identify and label specific forms of tourism, or to subdivide tourism into niche products and markets (Novelli, 2005). Visiting Nazi death camps in eastern Europe as a holiday itinerary, enjoying family picnics on the battlefields in northern France, purchasing souvenirs at Ground Zero and allowing schoolchildren to gaze upon tools of torture at the London Dungeon, are all examples of the macabre exhibition. Consequently, the term dark tourism has been gradually entering the public, such as academic and media discourse. By definition, dark tourism mean the visits, intentional or otherwise, to purposeful / non-purposeful sites which offer a presentation of death or suffering (Stone, 2005). Likewise, Tarlow (2005) identifies dark tourism as visitations to places where tragedies or historic deaths have occurred and that continue to impact on people`s lives. Dark tourism sites can be divided into several categories and can be defined in terms of site structure and tourist experience features. The usual type of site is interpretive and historical, whether it is located at the primary scene of an atrocity or at a geographically unrelated place. Often taking on the form of a museum, such places exhibit a narrative and an event-based view of violence, leading the tourists through the history and details of a particular tragedy. An in-context technique, (Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, 1998) to contextualise via labelling and explanation, characterises such displays and works to present violence as explainable and cognitive through education and information. 4.1-1 Positive affects of dark tourism Tung and Ritchie (2011) states that tourism is a way for people seek the experiences and open a way to absorption of those experiences. People collect experiences through travel, go different place, meet different people and culture and experiment different life style. Understand world could help us understand ourselves and develop ourselves (Lanterman 2007 referred to Boniface 1998). Although people can learn many things from school, but experiences of life should experiment by people themselves, tourism provides a way to us to learn. In ancient time, Marco Polo traveled to Asia from Europe, when he backed to his country, he brought many advance technology to his country and made European experiment a lot of new things which they never saw before. Today, with developing of dark tourism, there are many new things for tourists to experience enrich themselves. With the degree of infrastructure and normality that surround the supply of dark tourism, even on varying scales (Stone and Sharpley, 2009), the increasingly socially acceptable gaze on death and its reconceptualisation either for entertainment, education or memorial purpose offers both the individual and collective self a practical confrontational mechanism to begin the process of neutralising the impact of mortality. The educational meaning of dark tourism. Sharpley et al. (2010) state that in the UK, around 30% of schools undertook tours to battlefields. Visiting battlefields provides an opportunity to bring history to life, for history students to gain an understanding of what it might have been like to be a soldier of the time. Religious Studies students may visit sites of mass slaughter in order to explore the spiritual issues and the reactions of different faiths (Sharpley et al., 2010). For Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, they are a part of history of human, and they as the sign of 9/11 it own a special significant, and visitors could learning many things about terrorism and peace in these. Although a tour may exhibit some particular darkness, the experience of visiting battlefields may provide young people with a chance to explore their reactions to death. This reflects the potential mediating role of dark tourism. Secondly, is full of memory to visits. Memorialisation and interpretation are two ways of assuaging feelings such as guilt, fear of forgetting, remembrance and reconciliation (Sharpley et al., 2010). A mass number of visitors to Auschwitz may think of their visit as a pilgrimage, particularly visitors who are survivors or family